AMF spore extraction and identification AMF spores were extracted from soil using wet sieving (Gerdemann & Nicolson 1963), followed by a sucrose gradient (20 %/60 %) centrifugation (Jenkins 1964).

No spore germination was observed in the presence of cycloheximide; however our results revealed differential effects of FF and MGS on spore germination depending on the microfungi species (p< 0.001, ...