Scientists have always been curious about the atmosphere surrounding us, but in the past, they could not just hop on a spaceship to see what was up there. Instead, scientists hiked up high ...

and abiotic compartments (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere) on Earth. Along with energy flows, biogeochemical cycles establish the relations among ecosystem compartments at local ...

The atmosphere interacts closely with the rest of the Earth system – including the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and lithosphere – as well as with urban areas and societies on time scales from ...