A mouse-cell co-culture study found that St. John’s wort altered neuron-microglia signaling, neurite outgrowth and release of ...

Organ culture systems enabling in vitro spermatogenesis from neonatal mouse testes exist, but differentiation from fetal testes shortly after sex determination remains unsuccessful. Here, we report ...

In vitro experiments found that exosomes from dimethyl-itaconate-treated macrophages increased EMT-associated changes, ...

For decades, animal models have been the gold standard for preclinical testing of potential drugs. Yet, even the best animal models are not perfect. For example, small rodent species with engrafted ...

Research and drug discovery are undergoing a transformation, driven by the rise of 3D cell culture models that better replicate human biology. Unlike traditional 2D cultures and animal models, which ...

For example, the hemoglobin denaturation (HD) test and the Ocular Irritection test are in chemico alternatives to the Draize rabbit test. The Draize rabbit test was developed in 1944 to test cosmetic ...